Phishing by clicking bad link on Safari. 5 euro charge through carrier!

[iMore Question]

Yesterday I was surfing the web om my iPhone when I happend to click a bad link. Shortly after I got two text messages. One that told me I subscribed to a suspicious service of 5 euro per week and a phone number and a site to stop it. I also received a text message from my carrier that confirmed I subscribed to a service. I was able to stop automatically renew through my carrier site. I surfed the web while using mobile data. How is it possible for a site to access my phone number? And what else can it access? And how should I further handle this situation?

My phone is not Jailbroken and runs the latest version of iOS.